The Yellow Wallpaper :: Literary Analysis, Perkins Gilman

For centuries men and women have been taught from an early age how to behave. Boys atomic number 18 taught to play war, hunt, and new(prenominal) skills deemed Manly. Women atomic number 18 also taught how young ladies are to behave. Women are to tend to housework and rear children. Over the last 150 years women have fought to contract these stereotypes and break away from traditional gender roles. Forcing traditional gender roles upon women (or men), instead of allowing them to forge their own identity can be detrimental to the health and social welfare of a woman and her family. In 1898 Declaration of Sentiments was published by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The second paragraph begins with We hold these truths to be self evident (Stanton 287). This mirrors the Declaration of Independence of the get together States of America. It continues to say that all men and women are created equal (Stanton 287) whereas the Declaration of Independence only mentions men. This was a wa y for women to be heard in a allay and rational way. Stanton goes on to describe how men have an absolute tyranny (Stanton 287) over women. They have no right to vote, however are subjected to the laws, and have withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men- both natives and foreigners (Stanton 288). It clearly outlines the way women were treated (and in some societies still treated). While women have as umteen rights under the law as men do, they still struggle to be viewed as equals. In the Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows how a woman is treated as property and frail, it follows her decline into a mental breakdown. She appears to be suffering from Post Partum Depression, and is treated by her physician husband John for temporary nervous natural depression a slight hysterical tendency (Gillman 130). She isnt allowed any say in her care or treatment and is treated as a prisoner. The talker describes her surroundings saying It was a nursery first and then a playroom and gymnasium, I should judge for the windows are barred for little children and there are rings in the walls (possibly for keeping patients restrained) (Gillman 131). She talks about the large room and how the wallpaper is ripped and the floor is gouged (Gillman 134), the great immovable bed its nailed down (Gillman 135).

The Pagan Origins of Christianity Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

The first part of this paper will explore the mystery-religions, the reasons behind their popularity, and the Hellenistic origination in which they grew that began with Alexander the Great. Next, their characteristics and connections first with Judaism and later with Christianity will be more deeply discussed. In the second part it will be shown that the mystery-religions helped to clear the pathway for the Christianization of the classic world by men such as Paul the Apostle. Finally, the Emperor Constantines role in this story will be mentioned, during whose reign the mystery-religions declined and Christianity became the major religion of Europe and the near east. The paper will conclude with a brief speculation about the significance of these ideas to modern Christianity.IntroductionThe place and prison term in which Christianity developed was characterized by change and confusion in all areas of life. Political, philosophical and especially religious questions were being ask ed that had never been asked before, and traditional systems were not providing the answers. For well seven centuries, from the conquest of Alexander the Great to the establishment of Christianity as the state religion by the Roman Emperor Constantine, the ancient world sought these answers in the mystery-religions, independent groups worshipping in new and experimental ways. Ancient religious tradition had failed to fulfill the needs of this evolving and expanding society and these mystery-religions were a cultural expression of that need. Christianity grew into the midst of this world and was in fact the end result of the experiment started in the mystery-religions.The term, mystery-religion refers to various forms of worship popular in ancient t... ...d. Oxford Oxford UP, 1999.King, Martin Luther Jr. The Influence of the Mystery Religions on Christianity. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Volume I Called to Serve. Clayborne Carson, Ralph Luker, and Penny A. Russell, eds. Be rkeley University of California Press, 1992. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project. Clayborne Carson, dir. Stanford University. 1 Feb. 2002 .Pike, Albert. Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish ritual of Freemasonry. Washington House of the Temple, 1966.Additional Works ConsultedJonas, Hans. The Gnostic Religion The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity. 2nd ed. Boston Beacon Press, 1991.Murray, Gilbert. Five Stages of Greek Religion. sensitive York Doubleday, 1955.

Enron Essay -- essays research papers

Integrative Case The Downfall of EnronPart I1.Ken rest served as CEO and chairman and Jeffrey Skilling also served as CEO. They both were responsible for planning, organizing, controlling and leading the society. They set goals for the company and organized how they would be achieved. Kays social occasion was as the figurehead and the leader. He also served as the spokesperson for the company and made many of the decision on the future of the company. As CEOs they both possessed effective communication skills, where decisive, which was evidenced by their vision for the company and refusal to admit wrong even at the end, and visionary. Throughout Lays tenor the company continued to grow and prosper at a fast pace.2.The challenges faced were those of a changing men, competitiveness, and globalization, as well as morality and social responsibility. While many companies were downsizing in the mid-1980s, Enron continued to grow and expand despite their lofty goals. They ventured ou t into foreign markets to be more(prenominal) competitive. The workforce also became more diverse and the characteristics changed. Employees during Enrons tenor were less devoted to long-term career prospects instead they were more interested in financial further at any cost. Ethics seemed to be a secondary thought for most people during Enrons time. To meet these challenges Enron executives had to make working for their company more attractive and lucrative.3.The contributing factors to their ineffectiveness were poor planning and leadership. The company grew to quickly. In their desire to grow and expand, the companys senior management did not realize and follow ethical practices that would sustain the company. Controls were not established in key places, such as, accounting practices and principles. Senior management failed to appropriately manage the activities of lower direct managers and set a bad example. Part II The People1.Enron sought out young, ambitious, recent coll ege graduates and placed them in entry-level positions and then gave them the autonomy to make vainglorious trade decisions. The few star performers were promoted very(prenominal) quickly. Taking this hiring approach benefited the company because it kept labor costs low due to the employees inexperience. It also ... ...y grew and prospered very quickly. Employees were motivated to be creative and come up with the next great idea or innovation to increase revenue. These values also hurt the company because it put constant pressure on employees to achieve and constantly pushed them to excel in order to produce more revenue for the company and advance in the company. This forced employees to use unethical practices. They were often left to use their own devices to achieve the aforementioned results. There were no checks in balances in place with take to be to managing subordinates.3.Organizations must change in order to meet the needs of the changing workplace, environment, technol ogy, and economy in order to be competitive. Change is good for an organization if it is through in a controlled and structured manner. Change is also risky because it is often met with resistance. For example, people may feel threatened and fear power loses and subsequently, resists the change. Change open fire also be ineffective if it is narrow and doesnt concern itself with people and is over determined. In Enrons case, the organization was constantly changing with no corporal rhyme or reason.

Using Computers for Entertainment :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Using Computers for EntertainmentIn the past, you played board games with friends and family members, viewed fine device in an art gallery, perceiveed to symphony on your stereo, watched a movie at a theater or on television, and inserted pictures into sleeves of photo albums. Today, you give the gate have a much more fulfilling experience in each of there areas of entertainment.In addition to playing exciting, action-packed, 3-D multiplayer games, you can find hours of entertainment on the computer. For example, you can make a family tree, read a book to magazine online, listen to music on the computer, compose a video, edit pictures, or plan a vacation. These forms of entertainment are available on CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and also on the Web. On the Web, you can view images of fine art in online museums, galleries, and centers.11 Some artists sell their works online. Others display them for your viewing pleasure.You have several options if you wish to listen to music while working on the computer. Insert your favorite music CD into the CD or DVD drive on your computer and listen while you work. Visit an online radio station to hear music, news, and sporting plaints (Peyton 25). At some of these sites, you even can watch videos of artists as they sing or play their songs.Instead of driving to the music store or video store to purchase music or movies, you can buy them on the Web. After paying for the music or movie online, you download it to your hard disk. Once on your hard disk, you listen to the music or watch the movie on the computer. Or, you can transfer it to a CD using a CD-RW and play the music on any CD p layer or the movie on a DVD player (Microsoft Word 2002 Project 2).Some people prefer to progress to their own music or movies. You can compose music and other sound effects using external devices such as an electric soft keyboard or synthesizer. You also can transfer or create movies by connecting a video camera to the computer.

External and Internal Conflict in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

External and Internal Conflict in Young Goodman brown Nathaniel Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown manifests a duality of conflict both an external conflict and an internal conflict. It is the purpose of this essay to explore both types of conflict as manifested in the story. In the opening lines of the tale there is a compulsion, representing internal conflict, indicated on the part of both the protagonist and his wife Faith Dearest heart, whispered she, softly and alternatively sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, prythee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that shes afraid(predicate) of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year My love and my Faith, replied young Goodman Brown, of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry absent from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, must nee ds be done twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months hook up with And Faith, hopeful that the compulsion will not get the best of her during the night, responds Then God bless you said Faith, with the pink ribbons, and may you find all well, when you surveil back. Q.D. Leavis says in Hawthorne as Poet that It is a journey he takes under compulsion, and it should not escape us that she tries to stop him because she is under a similar compulsion to go on a journey herself (36). So the main male and female characters are manifesting similar compulsions toward evil against which they must struggle. And these are the main in... ...ung Goodman Brown. And both strands surveil together at the baptismal ceremony at the climax of the story where Goodman resolves his conflicts favorably. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html Lang, H.J. How Ambiguous is Hawthorne? In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Leavis, Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence Six Tales. In Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum publication Co., 1989.

External and Internal Conflict in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

External and Internal Conflict in Young Goodman embrown Nathaniel Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown manifests a duality of conflict both an external conflict and an internal conflict. It is the purpose of this essay to research both types of conflict as manifested in the story. In the opening lines of the tale there is a compulsion, representing internal conflict, indicated on the part of both the protagonist and his married woman Faith Dearest heart, whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, prythee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed tonight. A l onely(prenominal) woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that shes afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year My love and my Faith, replied young Goodman Brown, of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, m ust needs be done twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, lovely wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married And Faith, hopeful that the compulsion will not get the best of her during the night, responds Then God bless you give tongue to Faith, with the pink ribbons, and may you find all well, when you come back. Q.D. Leavis says in Hawthorne as Poet that It is a journey he takes under compulsion, and it should not escape us that she tries to dispel him because she is under a similar compulsion to go on a journey herself (36). So the main male and female characters are manifesting similar compulsions toward pestiferous against which they must struggle. And these are the main in... ...ung Goodman Brown. And both strands come together at the baptismal ceremony at the climax of the story where Goodman resolves his conflicts favorably. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.h tml Lang, H.J. How double is Hawthorne? In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Leavis, Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence Six Tales. In Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Information technology in business environment Essay

The business environment is becoming increasingly competitive. data technology is now providing business entities with basic as well as forward business tools that will enable them to improve their financial performance, efficiency, and its use of the agreement central operational resource and staff members. Adoption of computerised carcass is vital to the businesses entities that command to improve their efficiency and performance by using computerised trunks to facilitate their casual transactions. Lots of researches were conducted to assess the critical success factors or CSFs for implementations of computerised systems, but the results were different from individu anyy other(a). Trough lots of researching, the club CSFs were outlined in this paper. The interrelations mingled with the nine CFSs were also discussed.Introduction.The business environment is becoming increasingly competitive. Market boundaries have stimulate larger and barriers to entry have diminished. In the current turbulent economic environment todays modern systems must closely examine the focusing they currently do business not only to remain competitive and profitable but also to simply remain in business (Cameron & Philip, 2001). nurture technology is now providing business entities with basic as well as progressive business tools that will enable them to improve their financial performance, efficiency, and its use of the organisation central operational resource and staff members.Adoption of computerised system is vital to the businesses entities that want to improve their efficiency and performance by using computerised systems to facilitate their everyday transactions. The purpose of this paper is to outline and assess the critical success factors for the adoption of computerised systems including ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) implementations by businesses entities, and then analysis the interrelations between these critical success factors. blueprint of Critical S uccess Factors for Adoption of Computerised SystemsImplementations of computerised systems including ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). Implementations ar usually large and complex exteriorizes. Althoughthe adoption of small businesses would be simple and easy, we focus on the adoptions of computerised systems by medium or large organisations here, especially ERP implementations. Because ERP systems seek to integrate all department and functions across a company onto a single enterprisewide information system that can serve all those departments particular needs (Considine, et.al, 2005p290). ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems may well count as the most alpha development in the bodily use of information technology in the 1990s (Davenport, 1998).The adoptions of cumputerised systems, such as ERP implementation, by large organisations often involve large groups of people and other resources, on the job(p) together under considerable time pressure and the developments coul d not be predicted. Lots of researches were conducted to assess the critical success factors or CSFs for implementations of computerised systems, but the results were different from each other. Trough lots of researching, the CSFs could also be concluded in this paper belowNo. Critical Success Factors & Rank1 Top focus Support A2 Clear Goals & Objectives A3 brook perplexity A4 Interdepartmental Co-operation & Communication A5 Project Team Competence A6 Vendor Support B7 Computerised System Package Selection B8 Data abstract & Conversion C9 Staff Training CAlthough beside the CFSs stated above, there must be a lot of other CFSs affect the implementations of computerised systems, these nine CFSs listed above should be the most important ones among all the factors affecting the implementions of computerised systems. As shown in the diagram, the CFSs are numbered form one to nine and graded from A to C. The CFSs ranked A represents the ones that are most important CFSs should be ta ken into consideration when we come to implementations of computerised systems. Generally, CFSs in the same rank seem to be equally important because its hard to say which one is the more important than the other, that depend on what situation we faced.Analysis of Critical Success Factors for Adoption of Computerised Systems(1) Top caution Support (Rank A)If top trouble is not actively backing an all-pervasive devise like an ERP implementation, there is little hope for it (Akkermans & Helden, 2002). This does not mean that middle management and other staff are not important, top management itself is not omnipotent in the building block stand. The key is that top management is vital and other issues such as middle management are also important as well in this kind of processes. However, if top management permanently delegates its responsibilities to expert experts, the chances for project failure are high (Ewushi-Mensah & Przanyski, 1991).(2) Clear Goals & Objectives (Rank A)W hen people or oganisations want to do something, the goals and objectives must be clear. Because you dont know why you have to do it without goals as well as objectives, and you cant plan for it. This simple rule certainly applies to the implementations of computerised systems. Especially for implementation of an IT project, the first quantity should be identification of goals and ways to accomplish these.(3) Project Management (Rank A)As it is mentioned above, adoption of computerised system is complex, costly and time consuming. The management of such a project should be tight and careful because of the complexity. Some degree of improvisation would be needed because of some unforeseen changes would occur during the process. The performances of the employees are also important. As A.R. Elangovan and Jia Lin Xie(2000) verbalize managers should pay more attention to how their power is perceived by their subordinates as well as carefully examine the trade-off between short-term and long-term consequences of such perceptions to be effective.(4) Interdepartmental Co-operation & Communication (Rank A)Interdepartmental communication Communication across different business functions and departments is one of the most important issues involved in the IT implementation literature. According to one author on IT project management, communication is the oil that keeps everything working properly in these contexts (Schwalbe, 2000).Interdepartmental co-operation The effectiveness of interdepartmental co-operation firmly depends on the extent of interdepartmental communication. prize interdepartmental communication reinforces the quality of interdepartmental co-operation. Because the computerised systems seek to enable the organisation to operate as a whole, interdepartmental co-operation is vital.(5) Project Team Competence (Rank A)The ability of the project team is also important to the implementation of a computerised system. This argument is supported by considerab le tot of researches. Its really important. Effective project team could minimise the cost as well as the time consumed and ensures the implementation of project is in the chasten way.(6) Vendor Support (Rank B)Most of the time, organisations do not have all the technical as well as transformational skills and knowledge for managing such a major undertaking on its own. As a result, support provided by the vender is important to aid the implementation of new system.(7) Computerised System Package Selection (Rank B) divers(prenominal) system packages are designed to meet different organisational requirements. For example, some packages are suited for large organisations but some are more suited for small ones. Selection of system package depends on what kind of organisation you have got and other organisational requirements and goals.(8) Data Analysis & Conversion (Rank C)Before use of the newly installed computerised system, the project team and the organisation have to transfer existing data from existing system to the database of the new comprised system. This refers to the process of Data Conversion. As data conversion is typically a manual operation, controls are needed to ensure that the data conversion has been accurately performed (Dhaliwal & Konsynski, 1977). Data should be tested to ensure that the process is successful, no errors incurred and no information lost.(9) Staff Training (Rank C)The desirability of computers taking account of user capabilities was pointed out by Licklider (1960)(Feeney & Hood, 1977). Its not so important but substantial for orgaisations to train their employees after installation of new computerised systems. To some extent, the performance of a new system depends on the performance of the staff within the organization (Bartol, et.al 2001p295). Quality staff training would enable the new system to be successful and effective.Interrelations Between These Critical Success Factors.All the CFSs should not be considered in is olation, because they are interacting with each other and affecting each other as well. The relationships between these critical factors are delicate and different from each other. For example, with strong vendor support, the project team would work more effective and the project team competence would be strengthened. This is known as the virtuous cycle.But the interaction and relationship between CFS 6 and CFS 7 would be different. The vendor support should be taken into consideration when we are selecting computerised system software. Software with strong vendor support is forever preferred by the organisations, but the quality of the software itself is also important. In addition, increase of CFS 4 has a considerable positive impact on all other CFSs as well as the whole process of implementation.As it is mentioned above, all the CFSs are working together and interacting with each other throughout the whole project. None of them can be considered in isolation. Interdepartmental co-operation & communication within the project team was found to be the core process for project progress. heraldic bearing and attitudes of the surrounding stakeholders, ie top management, project management, software vendor support and so on, were identified as the root causes driving performance of this core process. At the time of the crisis, simultaneous and mutually reinforcing changes in presence and attitudes of all these stakeholders enabled the transition from a vicious into a virtuous cycle of project performance (Akkermans & Helden, 2002).Conclusion.Information technology is now providing business entities with basic as well as progressive business tools that will enable them to improve their financial performance, efficiency, and its use of the organisation central operational resource and staff members. Adoption of computerised system is vital to the businesses entities that want to improve their efficiency and performance by using computerised systems to facilitate their day-to-day transactions.Lots of researches were conducted to assess the critical success factors or CSFs for implementations of computerised systems, but theresults were different from each other. Trough lots of researching, the CSFs could also be concluded, they are top management support, clear goals & objectives, project management, interdepartmental co-operation & communication, project team competence, vendor support, computerised system package selection, data analysis & conversion and staff training. All the CFSs should not be considered in isolation, because they are interacting with each other and affecting each other as well.BibliographyAkkermans H. and Helden K. V. 2002 Vicious and Virtuous Cycles in ERP Implementation a case education of interrelations between critical success factors, European journal of information system, no.11, pp35-46Bartol K, Martin. D., Tein M. and Matthews G., 2001, Management, A Pacific Rim Focus, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill, Sydney, p295Cameron , D. and Philip, J. The Adoption and Use of Electronic Banking by SMEs in Australia An Exploratory Study CollECTeR 2001. http// www.collecter.org/collecter01/Doug_Cameron.pdf (6 May. 2005)Considine B., Razeed A., Lee M. and Collier P. 2005, Accounting Information System understanding business process, 1st edn, John Willey & Sons Australia, Ltd, Queensland, p290Davenport T. 1998, Putting the enterprise into the enterprise system, Harvard Business Review July-August, pp.121-131Dhaliwal D. and Konsynski B. 1977, Data integrity considerations in computer based accounting systems, Proceedings of the 1977 annual conferenceElangovan A. R. and Xie J.L. 2000, Effects of perceived power of executive program on subordinate work attitudes, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol.21, no.6, pp.319-328Ewushi-Mensah K. and Przanyski Z. H. 1991, On information systems project abandonment an exploratory study of organizationa practices, MIS Quarterly 15, pp.67-85lFeeney R. and Hood J. 197 7, adaptive man/computer interfaces information systems which take account of user style, ACM SIGCPR Computer Personnel, Volume 6 Issue 3-4Schwalbe K. 2000, Information Technology Project Management, Course Technology, Cambridge MA

Group Project Essay

IntroductionThis assignment will allow for the practical application of concepts, language and terminology covered in Modules 1-4. Students will give-up the ghost together to adjudicate and analyze the compositional elements of a work of wile that they are not familiar with. The class will be divided into teams consisting of 4-5 members. You pick out been automatically assigned to a group (A, B C or D). Please email the instructor if you pay back questions. Teams are assigned an artwork to evaluate and analyze gibe to the following (1) visual literacy, (2) structural comp anents, and (3) psychological quali connects that deem been covered in the modules so far.Members of the group are responsible for applying as many another(prenominal) of the terms as possible while analyzing and evaluating their work of art. Each group will base its study on one of the following works of art Group A (Carla, Ana, Katlyn, Maribel) Francisco Goya, Third of May, 1808 Group B (Brenda, Cynthia, D ella, Guiliana) Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte Group C (Kelsey, Iva, Courtney, Triana) Jacques Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii Group D (Jonathan, Kisherra, Rosalinda, Gabrielle) Edgar Degas, The dance Class Note All the above works can be viewed at Mark Hardens Artchive.The AssignmentUse the following trine series of questions to guide your analysis Identify the following qualities that apply to the artworkThe art is 2-D (flat or two dimensional).The art is 3-D (has mass and occupies space).The art is realistic (has recognizable objects that imitate nature and 3-D space). The art is narrative (illustrates a story such as history, mythology, religion) or it features animals, people, or landscape elements about which one can invent a story. The art has social or political content, such as protest art or propaganda. If the art is narrative or political, describe it as briefly as possible. The art is ritualistic or shamanistic. It seems to have a magic or spirit function. The art is twinge (seems to have some human, animal, or landscape elements). The art is non-objective (uses shapes and colors that do not seem to come from any recognizable source, such as circles, squares and squiggles).If the art is abstract or non-objective, what feelings do you get from the piece? (ex. energy, motion, calm, agitation, warmth, etc.). Most art design or composition relies upon repeating elements such as lines, shapes, or colors to tie the composition together, to make it coherent or give it unity. You can think of this as establishing a visual home. Repetition is the strategy. Lines Are there straight or curving line segments that are echoed throughout the composition? Remember to look at implied or suggested lines formed by the edges of objects such as people. Do groups of people, animals and trees lump together to suggest direction or linear elements? What is the dominant line theme? Is there a minor or contrasting line theme?Shap es Shapes are closely related to lines. The edges of shapes suggest line elements (the sides of a rectangle also provide vertical line segments). Shadows or sky may form grievous shapes in landscapes or a trees boughs may form a circle. Look at the negative space (background) as well as the positive objects. Are there any hidden or implied shapes? Do any repeat themselves? What is the dominant shape theme? Is there a keep down or contrasting shape theme?Color What is the most important family of colors, colors that are dominant throughout the entire composition instead of separated? Some colors work well together (red, orange, yellow) and establish a theme of warm or cool dominance. What is the dominant color theme? What is the vehemence range? Emphasis Where do your eyes tend to go? What object seems to be most important to your eyes? This is the point of strain. The artist may have organized the shapes, lines, and colors to lead you to a point of emphasis. Is there a point of emphasis? How does the art make you feel? The following characteristics can be grouped togetherActive, energetic, moving, angry, aggressive, dynamic, hot, advancing, static Calm, flowing, restful, inviting, cool, recedingCurved lines, round shapes, nesting shapesAnalogous, related, blue, violet, aqua, deep greenOrange, yellow, pink and redContrast, angular shapes, colliding opposites, contrast1.Visual Literacy. 2.Structural Components. Discuss the use of lines, shapes, color, and emphasis in the work of art you have been assigned. 3.Psychological Qualities. Describe your emotional response to the work of art Group Work SpecificationsGroups are set up according to the artwork being evaluated. To participate in your groups discussion forum and share information use the discussion forum assigned to your group. crop SpecificationsAs a group, please write and turn in your 2-3 page essay single spaced 12pt Times or Times New roman font. Please upload this to the Dropbox.Grading Speci ficationsYou will be graded as a group for this assignment.

Ge Transformation Case Study Jack Welch Notes

GE Transformation notes Founded in 1878 Focus on Communication utilize initiatives such as training computer programs to increase discourse Organizational Culture Welchs Core Idea the only way to shift a phoners culture is to change the habitual thinking and behavior of its fast-track executives. Initiatives * Work Out * Began 1988 * Groups of 40-100 employees involved * Removing unnecessary bureaucratic work out of the system * By 1992 200,000 GE employees participated in Work-out Began as a driving force for improving productivity and became a tool for cultural change. Best Practices * Program to Increase productivity * Focus more on how things got done rather than what got done * Focused on customer satisfaction *These two initiatives helped refine GEs organisational culture, characterized by speed, simplicity and self-confidence. * Globalization * 1986- corporate executive council meeting during * 1987- GE agreed to exchange consumer electronics business for the French medic al imaging business. 1989- Welch appointed Paolo paint as head of international operations in 1992. * 1998- International revenues at $42. 8 billion. Company expected to do almost half its business extracurricular the USA by year 2000. Global Best Practices Program exonerateded communication channel for GE with outside companies * Session C HR cookery * Adapted HR system to his goals, and began keeping tabs on upper management. GE management expected feedback, which they used as the basis for coaching and developing their staff.Increased communication between CEO, and top managers, increased communication between top managers and lower employees, became means for training of new employees * Crotonville Management Development Facility * Managers learn near GE, and experience debating and problem solving Used as a hub for communications * 360 Feedback process * Became means for training makes, coaching opportunities, and career planning. * A Players Managers with vision, leaders hip, energy, and courage * feat Appraisal System Managers rated employees on a scale of 1-5, 5 being the lowest on effectiveness * All 5s were to be allow go, and all 1s were to be rewarded with stock options, and higher promotional probability * In the new culture, role of the leader is to express a vision, loll a buy-in and implement it. Increased feedback communication and expectations in the organization * Boundaryless Behavior * Purpose was to strengthen GE s individual Business. There would be no distinction between domestic and foreign operation. Remove labels which get in the way of working together. Eliminated unnecessary communication filters, encouraged input from every employee, open communication channels gave employees the ability to speak about their concerns. Eliminated middle management that stood in the way of direct communication * Stretch * Created an atmosphere that asked everyone How good terminate you be? * Managers not held accountable for these goals, b ut were reward for achieving them. Mid 1990s established as part of GEs culture, stretch targets increased employee values, attitudes and confidence. function Businesses * Reduce dependence on traditional industrial products Changed internal mindsets from selling products to helping our customer win * Six Sigma Quality Initiative * Learned the program from Lawrence Bossidy (left GE in 1991) who borrowed it from Motorola, which improved quality for AlliedSignal Inc. * Goal was to increase quality * 30,000 Six Sigma projects were initiated in 1998 Required change in culture of the organization employees would need technical training, and there was need of communication of the importance to the companys strategic objectives.

NSA surveillance Essay

There has been a ton of controversy surrounding the topic of the NSA. Throughout the history of the United States we have go victim to terrorist attacks and we cannot blame the governments desire to be ten steps ahead rather than 10 steps behind. The NSAs main focus is our safety, they do not exist to infringe on our constitutional rights. Liberty and security go hand-in-hand one cannot exist without the other.People tend to approach this topic on a national security v. obliging liberties meanwhile zero declares that both cannot exist together. It is absolutely possible to have national security while still preserving the civil liberties of the citizens. Everyone would like to live in an ideal world where the government takes an idealistic approach because that would mean leaving the population completely vulnerable to outside threats. What the people fail to realize is that modern terrorists online are a real risk to this inelegant. They use the lucre as a bureau to contact each other. The internet holds fatal information like how to make a bomb which anyone and all(prenominal)one can have access to. Terrorists would also have access to most of the information undeniable about the enemy in order to make their attack successful. The media has portrayed the NSA as a negative and unnecessary agency meanwhile there is nothing negative and unnecessary about keeping this country safe. The NSA doesnt target innocent Americans one by one. The NSA becomes solely for our benefit and safety.If a soul has nothing to hide there should be no reason to have a problem with the NSA and the things that they do. I do see how people can flavor like it is an invasion of privacy but at the end of the day, would you want the NSA to check on you every once in a while or would you rather risk the possibility of a terrorist attack that can lead into millions of lives lost ultimately leading to war? The NSA is able to tap into anyones e-mail and texts but they arent doing i t with malicious intent, or to snoop in your business, theyre doing it solely for the reason of your safety and the safety of everyone else around you. Less than 30,000 people work for the NSA and there are 300 million people in the United States sending calls everyday, the chances of you getting monitored is the same as the odds ofyou winning the lottery.The NSA does not tutorship who youre going to the movies with or what you are having for dinner. As long as you are not contacting terrorists groups or posing harm to the well being of this country you have absolutely nothing to worry about. In June of this year, whistleblower Edward Snowden, a worker for the NSA, leaked classified documents about the NSAs procedures in online and telephone surveillance to a the Guardian, a British newspaper. Before the leak, however, no public knowledge of PRISM, the surveillance program controlled by the NSA, existed. There were no riots protesting a violation of privacy, only benefits. In fact, the NSA stopped numerous terrorist attacks before the leak. An example of this is that of Najibullah Zazi. Zazi was an Islamic extremist living in Colorado who planned to bomb the New York City subway in 2009. He was traced to Al-Qaeda operative in the Middle East and the NSA discovered information about the plot after monitoring him for only a gip period of time.Before the leak, the NSA was not harming anyone, and saving countless numbers of lives. Since 2001, the NSA records more than 50 classified cases of thwarted terrorist plots outweighing any potential harms of surveillance. It is impossible to satisfy every person in the country. People complain when there is nothing being done and they complain when a solution is found. This leaves the government stuck between a endocarp and a hard place. Realistically, the NSA doesnt affect our lives on a daily basis. The chances of the NSA getting hacked are much more slim then the chances of an attack on the country. We all have to sa crifice certain things for the well being of the country as a whole and in this case privacy is worth sacrificing for safety. Im sure no one wants to see a repeat of the tragedy that occurred on 9/11.This country is the place we call home, and for people to say that privacy is more important than safety is selfish. The NSA has done nothing but prevent attacks on our homes. Instead of faceing like our privacy is being invaded we should feel a sense of safety. The government continues find new ways to improve then lives on the people that live in this wonderful country and I believe that they shouldnt be scrutinized for it. National security is essential which has been shown in past experience such as the Boston bombing. There is no way the United States will ever be 100 percent protected but there are programs and agencies such as the NSA, which givesus an advantage. The NSA is vital in the security of this country and is in place only to protect you, me and all the other citizens o f the United States.

A comparison study of teacher self-efficiency beliefs of Korean and Native teachers of English

Communication is one factor in tender relations that could not be removed from existing inwardly the community of humans. This is chiefly beca expenditure of the fact that it is well-nighthing that keeps the relationship of pile from all over the world intact in creating one situation community.Communication is indeed one of the oldest procedures of humans in connecting with each different. Within the ancient years, masses utilized sounds to be able to connect to each other. Later on, the sounds veritable into words, words into phrases and now, people be already capable of expressing themselves by dint of speaking different languages.This fact leads to the proof that one of the most important needs of people is to communicate. It is the particular factor that separates humans from other creations, since they are able to connect to others through the use of words, or body language, they have the means by which they are able to express their innermost thoughts through commun icating their minds to others.Larry Alan Nadig further describes conference in the following mannerExpressing our wants, feelings, thoughts and opinions clearly and effectively is only half of the communication process needed for interpersonal effectiveness. The other half is listening and understanding what others communicate to us. When a person decides to communicate with another person, he/she does so to take a need.The person wants something, feels discomfort, and/or has feelings or thoughts about something. In deciding to communicate, the person selects the method or code which he/she believes will effectively depict the message to the other person. The code used to send the message can be either verbal or nonverbal.When the other person receives the coded message, they go through the process of decoding or interpreting it into understanding and meaning. Effective communication exists between two people when the receiver interprets and understands the senders message in the same way the sender intended it. (TEL, 2001, Internet)However, through the years, the development of the artistic and strategic way of using communication as a link towards other people has been continuously improving.Now, at the brink of globalization, more and more people are having the capability of connecting to others of different races from their own through communication, yet they are abstracted the skills of doing so. How then are humans supposed to face this particular challenge of social progress? The book of Rudolph and Kathleen Verderber discusses of the four major ways by which the human society could gain the right skills to communicate.The Four keys of Successful Communication A Summary of Chapters 1-4According to the Verderbers, successful speech communication with others could only be attained through ageless practice. This practice through does not only involve ones own effort of attaining the skills of rightful speech. In a concise discussion deep down the four chapters of their book, Kathleen and Rudolph gave the four basic steps by which people could gain good and considerably practical communication skills.(1) Foundations of Communication, the first 100 pagesThis section includes some topics such as verbal and nonverbal communication, plus the perception of self and others. The said topic primarily focus on the ability of the person to use all the possible ways to be able to connect with others in the society, making a certain stress on the fact that people do need to communicate with others because it is innate in them to do so. Using this as the main foundation of learning the skills for speech is for certain a fine lay out for someone wanting to gain the rightful knowledge needed to converse with others.(2) Interpersonal Communication, the next 110 pagesThis part of the book includes several topics ranging from listening and byplay interviews to communicating in relationships. Most likely, the focus of this part is to show the re ader how communication skills are practically applied in real life. The aim of the authors is primarily to encourage the readers to believe the fact that they cannot do away(predicate) with the fact that communication is a regular part of human living and they could not do away with it.(3) Group Communication, ranging at only 20 pagesThis particular section tells the reader how to participate in groups as well as to how to apply leadership within groups through the use of fine communicating skills on the part of the one creating the conversation.(4) Public Speaking, the last 160 pagesThe Final chapter discusses on how to pick a topic, explore it, adapting to an audience. It also gives a clear description on the differences between informative vs. persuasive speaking. This part mainly focuses on the capability of the readers to develop their skills in expressing themselves in front of a crowd as they hold their attention through the discussions that they are addressing to them.Thro ugh the discussion of the four major chapters of the book Communicate, it could be illustrious that the authors of the book wanted to stress on the importance of an individuals ability in expressing himself whether personally or publicly. The constant recognition of the fact that people are indeed capable and are responsible of communicating themselves with others have particularly made this reading material a must read.It could not be denied that through the discussions that the authors presented, the importance of listening is given ample focus. The authors even noted Listening is one part of communication that cannot be denied of attention there is certainly a non-existent communication if the art of listening is not applied by the parties that are having a particular conversation. (Verderber, 25)

Chinese New Year Fun Facts Essay

1.The traditional Chinese New Year celebration lasts 15 days. 2.2013 is the family of the Snake. Children born during the Year of the Snake are said to be clever, successful, and lonely. 3.Everyone goes home for the Chinese New Year celebrations, if they can. The period just before the Chinese New Year, called chunyun, is the busiest travel time of the entire year. All across chinaware and beyond, youll find people on their way home to spend this time with their families. 4.The Chinese New Year is seen as the perfect time to do approximately spring cleaning. Traditionally, it was believed that cleaning house for the new years celebrations swept bad luck away and helped ensure good fortune in the year to come.5.Traditional foods include fish, which is served at the end of the New Years meal and symbolizes abundance, and a sticky fruitcake called Neen Gow or Nian Gow. 6.Red decorations are everywhere, because the color personnel casualty is considered to be one of the luckiest colo rs of all. Older family members use red envelopes to give gifts of cash to their younger relatives. 7.Shou Sui is the practice of staying up until midnight as a family to greet the new year. 8.During the Chinese New Year, people often greet each other by shouting auspicious phrases thought to bring luck, like gng x f ci, which translates to Congratulations and be prosperous. Children sometimes use the following variant of this greeting when they are feeling cheeky gng x f ci, hng bo n li. That means Congratulations and be prosperous, now give me a red envelope

Behavior Modification

Running Head BEHAVIOR CAN BE MODIFIED BY REWARDS AND REINFORCEMENTS carriage Modification Desired way can be Created by Proper Reinforcement Natalie Tamayo CUNY Queens College Abstract This experiment is centered on the notation of conduct Modification. In this experiment a rat is trained to exhibit a targeted fashion called Roll. The coveted goal of the experiment is mold the rat into the behavior of producing rolls whenever the gay is turned on.One rat took part in this experiment. There were dickens precursor behaviors to the desired Roll behavior. One behavior was genital grooming and the other was principal tucking. First the behavior of genital grooming was systematically reinforced when exhibited. This behavior, after some conviction, led in to the secondary behavior of read/write channelize tucking. Once the rat began to consistently exhibit the behavior of precede tucking the financial support for the genital grooming was eliminated.Reinforcements were according ly only provided for the displayed behavior of head tucking thus encouraging this secondary behavior. When the rat begins head tucking on a fairly often basis this behavior lasts into the ultimately desired behavior of rolls. Just as was d iodin with the first precursor behavior, supportings were past discontinued for this behavior and were only reintroduced for the behavior of roll. Once the rat had proved that she could consistently roll the last step of this experiment was introduced.This part entailed incorporating the dependant inconsistent of washy. Now she would only receive reinforcement when the light was turn on and she rolled. The following hypothesis was supported desired behaviors can be controlled through befitting reinforcement and reward. regularity Participants One virtual rat was used in this experiment. She was provided through the Sniffy the virtual rat Pro version 3. 0 CD Rom softw are. Materials In the virtually simulated world of Sniffy a cage, a light, a magazine and pellets of food were utilized. style ModificationThis paper aims probe what behavior modification is and seeks to provide an insight into the process of behavior modification. It tramps around numerous dimensions of this process which are dependant on numerous theories like learn and contiguity. It focuses on behavior modification techniques and provides types for sufficient netherstanding of the process.Behavior modification Behavior modification is a term which refers to both process achieved from a real learning theory which is aimed at changing a persons behavior or the way he or she interacts with the outside world.The detail area of behavior modification which is under focus in this paper is the techniques involved in behavior modification. Secondary research is being used for the collection of data and demonstration of examples. Using the behavioural approach The behavioral approach revolves around three different types of behavioral learning theories which are as follows Contiguity. The theory of contiguity suggests that a specific stimulant drug followed by a particular response tends to be followed by the same response again on reoccurrence.It suggests that the stimulant drug response connections gain full volume on the first interaction of the connection i. e. contiguity. Repetition neither strengthens nor weakens the connection that has already been developed. Guthrie also based his belief on the law of recency which suggested that an beingness would respond to a stimulus in the same way as it responded in the most recent encounter with that stimulus. This idea implied that habits once formed were super hard to break. However Guthrie suggested that behavior could be broken i. e.new behavior could be formed on the basis of following techniques 1. Exhaustion Method Exhaustion Method/Fatigue Method suggests one should continue to present the stimulus until an organism is too tired to respond in the habitual way. At this po int, either a new response allow occur or a new stimulus-response habit will form or the organism will do nothing. 2. scepter Method suggests presenting the stimulus so faintly that the organism does not respond to it in the habitual manner. Then gradually increase the intensity of the stimulus so that the organism continues not to respond to it.3. Incompatible Stimulus Method Present the stimulus when the habitual response cant occur and will lead to occurrence of incompatible response. Classical learn Pavlov in his experiment presented dogs with food and observed the dogs salivary responses to the ringing of bell immediately before food was presented. ab initio the dogs didnt respond unless they were presented the food, however after a certain time the dogs started salivating at hearing the sound of the bell because they had started associating the sound of bell with food.There are two major purposes served by classical conditioning 1,Conditioning automatic responses for exam ple reducing adrenaline levels in humans without the usage of stimuli that would produce such responses. Secondly for concept of stimuli association. There are two different types of stimuli that can be categorized as secondary stimuli or primary stimuli. Stimuli which result in response without any training are called primary response for example pain and food. Stimulus which leads to a response only after training is called secondary stimulus for example the bell in Pavlovs case.A trainee has to be taught to like or dislike the secondary stimuli. Application of classical conditioning Animal trainers use classical conditioning to train animals. Usually dog trainers use a light flicker which flickers at different intervals of time following which the dog is given a treat. only flick the light, wait for a moment and then give the dog a treat maybe food. After this has been repeated a few times, one may observe that the animal monitors, stares at the treat or maybe looks at the trai ner.This is an indication towards formation of an association. The flickering light then becomes a request for an upcoming reinforcement. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning results in the creation of an association amongst a specific behavior and a specific consequence. This refers to response stimulus conditioning because it leads to an association development amongst the behavior and its following consequence. Consequences have to be clearly linked to behavior. A reinforce refers to anything which makes an event occur more oft than usual.An organism tends to repeat behavior when the consequences are confident(p) these are referred to as reinforcers. Similarly an individual tends to reduce a certain kind of behavior if it leads to critical consequences these are called punishers. As a result of punishment or reinforcement the following scenarios can prevail If something good starts and leads to an increase in behavior it is called positive Reinforcement. When a good th ing is taken away the behavior decreases which is called negative Punishment. If a bad consequence is presented the behavior will decrease which refers to positive Punishment. When a bad consequence is reduced the behavior would increase which is known as negative Reinforcement. Behavior modification techniques There are five different categories of activities that revolve around numerous dimensions of behavior modification techniques Development of a new behavior For example teaching a barbarian to act in desired ways which he hasnt exhibited before, successive steps can be rewarded until we have reached or attained the final desired behavior.For example if a pip-squeak to be taught a certain alphabetical spelling list we can reward the child with candy or a desired toy all time the child learns a spelling. This will eventually lead the child to learn all the constituent words of the list. This process is called SHAPING. According to continuous reinforcement principle to teach a child a new behavior which he has never exhibited an immediate reward should be presented after each localize performance. For example provide a dog with a cookie every time it responds to a stimulus in a desired behavior.The negative reinforcement principle suggests that to increase a childs performance in particularly desired ways, the trainer should reduce undesirable consequences this can be do by allowing the trainee to avoid the aversive situation by behaving appropriately. The cueing principle suggests that in order to teach a child to remember how to act at specific times the trainer should arrange for the provision of a cue to the correct performance immediately before the action is expected rather than after its preposterous performance.Strengthen a new behavior encouraging a child for continuation of performance of a previously established behavior leading to little rewards, gradually requires a longer time period. This refers to decreasing reinforcement principle. A ccording to inconsistent reinforcement principle, for improvement in a childs performance of a certain tasks the child should be presented with an intermittent reward.For example if a child acts according to the desired manner when sitting on the dining table, providing the child with candy immediately will lead the child to repeat that behavior in future. Maintain an established behavior according to the substitution principle for changing reinforcers when previously effective rewards are not modifying behavior any longer, the reinforcer should be presented immediately before or immediately after the time the more effective reward is presented.Stop an contradictory behavior according to the satiation principle to stop a child from acting in a particular way the child must be allowed to continue the undesired act until it becomes boring and the child gets tired of it. For example if you disapprove of a childs computer usage patterns and you think its leading to addiction you shoul d try not saying anything and encourage the child to do what he is indulged into and eventually there will be a time when the child will get sick of it and will stop doing so naturally.The extinction principle suggests another way to stop inappropriate behavior i. e. to efficiently eradicate a specific behavior one should create such conditions for the child that he/she receives no rewards following the undesired act. For example if you dont want your child to talk while eating, every time the child indulges in such activity create such a consequence for him which is extremely undesirable, for example scolding the child. This will eventually lead to extinction of that certain behavioral display.The incompatible alternative principle suggests efficient stopping of a certain behavior in a child can be achieved by rewarding an alternative action, whose simultaneous performance with the undesired act isnt possible. dispose emotional behavior the avoidance principle states in order fo r a child to be taught to avoid a certain type of scenario the child should be simultaneously exhibited to the situation that is undesired or any form of its representation and some aversive condition. ConclusionBehavior modification is a technique which has been thoroughly and repeatedly canvass in numerous experiments. These experiments have proved that following a certain series of modification can lead to a change in the behavior of an organism. References Dimensions of human behavior by Elizabeth Hutchison, sage Pubns ( March 2003 ) Applied behavior analysis by John O Cooper, William L Heward , Edward R Canda. Prentice residency (December 2006) An introduction to behavioral endocrinology by Randy J. Nelson, Sinauer associates inc ( March 2003 )Behavior ModificationRunning Head BEHAVIOR CAN BE MODIFIED BY REWARDS AND REINFORCEMENTS Behavior Modification Desired Behavior can be Created by Proper Reinforcement Natalie Tamayo CUNY Queens College Abstract This experiment is center ed on the notation of Behavior Modification. In this experiment a rat is trained to exhibit a targeted behavior called Roll. The desired goal of the experiment is mold the rat into the behavior of producing rolls whenever the light is turned on.One rat took part in this experiment. There were two precursor behaviors to the desired Roll behavior. One behavior was genital grooming and the other was head tucking. First the behavior of genital grooming was consistently reinforced when exhibited. This behavior, after sometime, led in to the secondary behavior of head tucking. Once the rat began to consistently exhibit the behavior of head tucking the reinforcement for the genital grooming was eliminated.Reinforcements were then only provided for the displayed behavior of head tucking thus encouraging this secondary behavior. When the rat begins head tucking on a fairly often basis this behavior leads into the ultimately desired behavior of rolls. Just as was done with the first precursor behavior, reinforcements were then discontinued for this behavior and were only reintroduced for the behavior of roll. Once the rat had proved that she could consistently roll the last step of this experiment was introduced.This part entailed incorporating the dependant variable of light. Now she would only receive reinforcement when the light was turn on and she rolled. The following hypothesis was supported desired behaviors can be controlled through fitting reinforcement and reward. Method Participants One virtual rat was used in this experiment. She was provided through the Sniffy the virtual rat Pro version 3. 0 CD Rom software. Materials In the virtually simulated world of Sniffy a cage, a light, a magazine and pellets of food were utilized.

Hardware and Software Selection Paper Essay

Technology plays a very of import role in businesses beca mapping it athletic supporters make things so much easier as far as recording the discipline, create financial statements, and notice charge. Thus, computer ironware is what the companies use for info storage, and software packages are the tools businesses use to help the business run faster and easier. there are different types of hardware and software that the companies have to choose wisely to fit and returns their businesses. It is important to have the hardware that help the company store, organize, manipulate, and update the amount of business information with the assistance of database wariness programs because the company would use the programs to keep tether with its useers, employees, suppliers, and inventory. Also, the most important is that the programs totall(a)yow the accountants and score clerks keep track and maintain with the companys financial reports, and the programs cede them to manage the pa yrolls as rise as the account receivable and account payable to avoid error financial reports and tax returns.Riordan AIS Integration and End-User Information rileTechnology plays a very important role in all types of businesses because it helps the organizations get things done moldiness fast, easy, and secure. It also allows the organizations to maintenance their businesses as tumesce as keep track with the clients or consumers. Thus, many organizations use hardware to record the companys information, they also use the computer software as a method to protect their computers against hackers attack and opposite Internet treats. However, there are certain people in different level allowhaving doorway to the information, and the people who select access to the information would be the accountants (general and supervisors), accounting clerks, director of accounting and finance, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO. The accounting clerks needs to access to the information to edit or enter payments, billings, and alteration of credit or debit for the business, and they also need to access to the General Ledger and Month arrest reports to ensure all the information is corrected to avoid future problems.Also, the general accountant and accounting supervisors need to view the reports to ensure the accounting clerks complete their tasks by enter all the information before cal differencear month end. Once all the information are entered the director of accounting and finance would access to review the reports or edit them if needed to ensure that the finance are corrected such as Account collectible and Credit, and they will base on the information and number on the reports to make beat decisions for the business. On the other hand, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO would access to the entire system to review all the reports such as month end reports and payment reports in order to see if the company is making or losing money. The bottom line would deliver that e ither the company is making profits or losing money and which areas. It is important for the reports to be accurate because the management would base on the information shows on these reports to make best decision for the business as well as the company.Riordan AIS Integration and Internal ControlsIntegrating the accounts receivable accounting process into an automated system requires particular internal controls to protect the company against fraud and theft. An efficient control system will protect the self-reliance of information, quickly identify errors, and remove the opportunity of compromise. Setting controls should also ensure the accuracy of data entered into the accounts receivable ledger, ensure a segregation of duties, and promote a timely presentation of financial reports in accord with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act, the company must ensure the integrity of all financial information. To determine the effectiveness of an automated accounts receivable process a system must be put in place to monitor it.Written control policies must be developed for all employees with access toautomated systems or relative information. There must be a set confabulations protocol implemented for all activities. Management must be familiar with and closely monitor daily activities. Infogix, Inc. is a software company that helps businesses to monitor and analyze information. Independent, automated controls are implemented to monitor information from arising to end. Infogix controls make sure that all activities comply with COBIT, all transactions are validated, and subsequently compliance cost are reduced.AIS Integration and Reporting ProcessesEnterprise integration of centralized accounting information system (AIS) at Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (Riordan) brings a number of challenges with respect to reportage processes. Previously, Riordans various AIS deployed in regional offices have been un able to chance on anything remotely resembling seamless compatibility (Apollo Group, Inc., 2013, RiordanFinance Overview, para. 5), with a corresponding lack of information portability and accessibility between offices. A centralized data warehouse for Riordan allows all regional offices to enter and store accounts receivable data in uniform data tables and procedures, permitting more easily comprehended data in nearly real-time accessibility. This heighten data storage capacity also requires enhanced information reporting processes, with sufficiently powerful and waxy hardware and software packages to meet the complex and diverse needs of Riordans central administration and its many regional offices.Hardware ProposalsRiordans multiple regional offices present a diverse requirement in terms of hardware needs. Most office workers will find their tasks sufficiently satisfied with standard private computers, without requiring much customization by the organization aside from adhere nce to security protocol. Many sales and executive staff will require far more complex and diverse hardware packages in their work. Laptop computers allow nearly all capabilities of a personal computer in a more portable device, just may yet be too bulky when literally on the move. To this end, tablet computers and smart-phones allow access to the Internet and thuswith the proper credentials and softwaresufficient accessibility to organizational information systems and communication networks. However, a balance must befound between convenience and cost-effectiveness in terms of authentic hardware selection in these circumstances.Reporting Software ProposalsTwo powerful pieces of software for business reporting purposes are lechatelierite Reports and Business Objects. According to the marketing department of its publisher, Crystal Reports is powerful, user-friendly applications that can help you deliver key insights to the right decision maker, at the right time, in the right fo rmat (SAP, 2014, para. 1). This diverseness of software is a SQL programming tool to design and produce custom, automated reports from a variety of data sources in an organizational information system. The program engine may also be interconnected into custom designed data entry and reporting software packages from other third-party vendors, allowing these powerful reports to be easily integrate into packages custom designed to meet the organizations informational needs.AIS Integration with Company Internet and Intranet PortalsThe companys intranet should have information that allows employees to be more knowledgeable about the company. It should include items such as an employee directory benefit plan details structural information regarding the company the companys mission statement, goals, and objectives and request forms for supplies and processes. Although circumstantial information regarding Accounts Receivable would not be shared on the Intranet, the large picture of the financial information for the company should be on the Intranet for employees to view. This could include quarterly financial reports, with the total accounts receivable amount integrated into the report. This would allow employees to feel empowered by knowing how the company is handling money. It also gives employees a quality of contentment knowing that they are secure in their organization. In conclusion, it is important for the company to choose the best hardware and software to fit and benefit the company to ensure that it aids the business as well as creating the financial reports and keep track with its customers.ReferencesApollo Group, Inc. (2013). realistic organizations portalRiordanCompany intranetHomepage. Retrieved fromhttps//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/Business/Riordan/index.asp Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Virtual organizations portalRiordanCompany intranetFinance overview. Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/Business/Riordan/Fi nance/Overview.asp Bagranoff, N. A., Norman, C. S., Simkin, M. G. (2008). Core concepts of accounting information systems (10th ed.). parvenue York, NY John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from University of Phoenix ACC/340Accounting Information SystemsCourse Materials. SAP.com (2014) Empower your small business with SAP Crystal Reports. Retrieved from http//www.sap.com/solution/sme/software/analytics/crystal-reports/index.html

A Subaltern’s Love Song Essay

A juniors Love nervous strain is a rhapsodic song that details the poets real-life infatuation. Betjeman does non use the military definition of subaltern here, hardly instead is referring to some whiz in an inferior position. The generator struggles, some happily, against his love interest as she continually bests him at tennis. In Literature, verse forms can often be very difficult for one to comprehend and reckon the authors perspective.Many people grew only being exposed to the basic Roses be red, violets are blue form of poetic expression, so any amour that fails to employ simple rhythmic phrases can be somewhat aloof to some people. Poetry is one of the most artistic forms of literature because it influences the author to express self-aggrandising thoughts and imaginations in somewhat of an abbreviated writing style, in contrast to essays, short stories, and many more. A petty(prenominal)s Love Song by John Betjeman is an example of poetry that takes the reader on a journey of music and a love story.It was not until I in reality read through the poem once did I realize that the title A Subalterns Love Song would actually allude to the character of this poem. The context of this poem is most originally romantic, and indicative of a love story, thus far the form of the poem actually has a rhythm to it. I am not exactly certain if the author purposefully paralleled the word song in the title with music, but it was something that stuck out to me and was one of the things that did delight my interest in this particular poetic work.Due to the fact that I am a one who enjoys breeding love stories, my imagination was most certainly ignited by reading this poem. Another thing that particularly stuck out to me about this poem was the use of ambiguity regarding the soldier and the love interest. The author was no-hit in my opinion with his use of ambiguity to raise questions and suggest outcomes. (Clugston, 2010) All of the aforementioned component s of A Subalterns Love Song allowed me to be an active and responsive reader while I was reading this.The archetypal approach is the best analytical approach that can be used to describe this poem. The poems does not direct it attention to only one sole approach. Because the poem is not just limited to the authors feelings or way of persuasion but it is delivered in a manner that the author has you thinking of different ways to show your love. The archetypal approach is being used in line pentad where it states Love-thirty, love-forty, oh Weakness of joy (Clugston, 2010). It relates the weakness to as getting older in life and taking a chance on love.This also shows his progress through life in which he learns to love and at long last ask for marriage. Were in the last stanza of the poem it sums up the whole meaning of the poem. A good poem should write in such(prenominal) a way that it does not immediately reveal all of its secrets. scarcely neither should the language be couche d in such arcane and esoteric terms that discovering its meaning set out impenetrable. Poem is not a synonym for puzzle. When the inherent message of a poem becomes impossible to understand, then(prenominal) it becomes a more of an ordeal than a pleasure.The references should, in my view, be accessible to scrutiny in such a way that its treasures are unlocked upon careful and considered reading. A deliberately confusing poem serves no purpose other than to prove what a smart Alec the poet is. A Subalterns Love Song is a perfect example of a well-structured poem. Upon first reading this seems little more than a able poem written about a few posh twerps with too much time on their hands. But, there is so much more going on. Its a love story that was not directly stated and I enjoyed the reading.

Against schools Essay

The condition Against Schools is a very intriguing article or could case great debate and concern just about commonplace information governances in America today. Born in Monongahela, Pa, John Taylor Gatto is a retired America develop teacher with nearly 30 years of experience in the school system. Gatto is a recipient of m either poses such as The refreshing York City Teacher of the Year award in 1989,1990, and 1991 and The New York State Teacher of the Year award in 1991. He is broadminded perilous of compulsory schooling, and author of several books on teaching.Gatto voiced his belief that the public school system that we use, is not in that respect for educational means instead, exist to fulfill the function to weaken children in the long run. After reading Gattos article and reasoning for his opinion, I harmonize with Gattos belief. His article explains how our system was constructed and its purpose. I felt that the blames he made displayed a lot of truth in them and it brought to reality effects about public school systems that I would take in never opinion to call into question or recognize.In the article Against School, John Taylor Gatto channeles his outlook that the public school system isnt there for informative measures, instead it exist to fulfill six covert functions meant to cripple our kids. (Gatto 14 ) He speaks about the public school system not being of what we think and how it originates from the Prussian culture, which is a system by design intentional to produce ordinary brainpowers that atomic number 18 simply ran. He emphasizes in the article how mandatory schooling has encouraged children not to think at all as a result expiration them school term ducks for the modern era of marketing.(Gatto 148) Gatto states the fact that do to the training in school, we have become a nation of children, happy to surrender our judgments and our wills to political exhortations and commercial blandishments that would insult actual a dults. (Gatto 148) The article goes on to express Gattos opinion that the school system encourages children not to think for their selves and children should be taught to manage their own lives. He says that he feels the solution is to simply let them be their true selves.One of the major points that Gatto explains in the article Against School is how the public school system originates from the Prussian culture and how compulsory school was intended to be just what it had been for the Perssia. According to several sources, Horace Mann, credited as the father of the Ameri jakes public school system, study a wide variety of educational models before implementing the Prussian system designed by Fredrick the Great. big businessman Frederick created a system that was engineered to teach obedience and solidify his control.Focusing on following directions, basic skills, and conformity, he sought to indoctrinate the nation from an early age. Isolating students in rows and teachers in ind ividual classrooms fashioned a strict hierarchyintentionally fostering fear and loneliness. Mann chose the Prussian model, with its depersonalized discipline and strict hierarchy of power, because it was the cheapest and easiest means to teach literacy on a large scale. Social efficiency theorists who sought to industrialize the educational surgery perpetuated this system throughout the early twentieth century.Led by educators such as Ellwood P. Cubberley, they used education as a tool for social engineering. Building upon the depersonalized accordance and rigid hierarchy of the Prussian system, they constructed an industrial schooling model designed to produce millions of workers for Americas factories. Believing that most of Americas students were destined for a life of menial, industrial labor, these theorists created a multi-track educational system meant to sort students from an early age. plot of land the best and brightest were c arfully groomed for leadership positions, the majority was relegated to a monotonous education of rote learning and task completion. Consequently, our schooling system is still locked into the Prussian-industrial framework of fear, isolation, and monotony. For both students and teachers, procedure is emphasized over innovation, uniformity over individual expression, and control over empowerment. It is, therefore, not surprising that the majority of Americas classrooms have changed little in over one hundred years.(Web) Gatto makes this point by stating these historical facts in his article. Gatto as well gives examples of the outcome of compulsory school, which he says, results in adults that are manageable beings. He says those adults by things they dont need because they are trained to believe they give some sense of proudness resembling a telly to order more things on TV. Gatto states, Easy answers have removed the need to ask questions. (Gatto148) The point is distinct proven by Gatto in the article which is that mandatory education serves children incidentally its real purpose is to knead our children into servants. (Gatto 149) He feels that instead of let the government managing our children, the solution is to let them manage themselves. The best charge this can be achieved in Gattos vision is through homeschooling children. When I thought about the public school system, I did not ever question its purpose but to be anything but benficual to children. I thought it was to en combusten them and bring out their true individualism and make them productive citizens in society. I correspond with Gattos article after recalling back to my experience in school.Everything was so ordered and strict, to mold everyone to be what was told of them. I did from time to time question the why can I not do this that air or why can it not be something else and I was always told by my teachers because this is the right way. Everybody does it like this so you have to as well or you are wrong. Gatto says th at schooling structures us into the reliant, mindless adults we are in ways like easy divorce encouraging us not to work on relationships, easy credit removing the need for fiscal control, easy entertainment removing the need to entertain ones self, etc. (Gatto148) It does not make sense that if we are each individuals, then why are we taught and ma to think the same. Gatto feels the solution is to go back to the original way and possibly teach children our selves, preferably at home not in a institution and the government should not really have any say so over it. I believe that yes children should be encouraged to be who they truly are and explore their minds deepest capacities however, there should still be some stucture in their lives outside of home.They need to learn to coexist with others and their own ideas as well. I do not agree with the idea of homeschooling completely. With the economy being the way it is families have to work to provide for there families and some famil ies are single parent homes, therefore leaving no time to instruct the children to proper way. John Taylor Gatto purpose for wring the article Against schools, was to bring to light the issue that our government is corrupting Americans from the beginning through something almost everyone supports, Our educational system.Gatto more than prospered with attainment of his point being acknowledged. I was stunned to discover that the American public school system is one designed to casts an beings mind to be what its told to be, not what it is suppose to be or wants to be, and that is very disturb to me. Gatto bringing the origin of the public school system to light did his work justice. On the contrast, I do not believe that the resolution is to teach children at home.In conclusion, the reality of it is even though the system is corrupt and controlling, it has been operating for years and no one has changed it. We will never be able to curtail the government, so the best is to just mak e do the way we can. Works Cited 1. http//thenewamericanacademy. org/index. php/home/our-philosophy-menu/the-prussian-industrial-model. 2. Gatto, John Taylor. Against Schools. Rereading America. 9th ed. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, reasonable Lisle. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2013. p141-150.

Report on Carrebean Internet Cafe Case

publish ON CARRIBEAN INTERNET CAFE slipperiness Assignment 1 CASE SUMMARY David grant is an MBA disciple hoping to open Caribbean profits coffee shop in his hometown capital of Jamaicas, Jamaica upon his graduation as he always wanted to be his own boss. Due to emit accessibility and exercise of lucre in Jamaica, David thought of it as a good timing to pursue this business opportunity. He has gathered data on completely the relevant costs equipment, rent, labor, etc. He has also found a partner in the topical anesthetic telephone company, Jamaica Telecommunications Limited (JTL), where he previously worked.JTL has offered to provide equity and a long-term loan at favorable interest order. He is now faced with the task of analyzing the gathered discipline and do a decision of whether he should proceed with the venture, and if so, if it would be a profitable business for him and JTL. TABLE OF CONTENT CASE SUMMARY1 INTRODUCTION2 PROBLEM DEFINITION3 CONCEPT FEASIBILITY STUD Y3 TARGET MARKET4 LOCATION4 COMPETITION4 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY4 CAPITAL AVAILABLE5 START UP COST5 FIXED periodical COST5 PRICE COST MARGIN ESTIMATION5 TARGET guest SEGMENT 200006 REVENUE PER YEAR6 PROFITABILITY6 CONCLUSION6 RECOMMENDATIONS7 INTRODUCTIONThe report deals with the study of a business proposal to open an internet coffeehouse. The report studies the decision of David Grant who is an MBA student, to open Caribbean Internet Cafe in his home town Kingston, Jamaica. David while studying in London visited a number of coffeehouses and was intrigued by the conception. While visiting his hometown Kingstons, Jamaica during summers he noticed that in spite of high awareness of the internet, there was low accessibility and usage of the same. Seeing a potential market of consumers, David decides to open a European concept based Cafe which will offer brewed coffee, imported wines, juices and baked products.He decides to realise three areas in the cafe a computing device area w ith booths, a wine lounge with comfortable sofas, and a general cafe area with table and chairs. He envisioned providing the customers, a perfect vehicle to use internet and otherwise service with egress making an expensive investment in computer hardware and in addition a social outlet where people can surf together , listen to music or only if relax and socialize. He gathers the required information for starting the cafe and makes notes. PROBLEM DEFINITIONAfter gathering all the information David grant has to decide whether it will be a profitable and sustainable decision to open an Internet Cafe in Kingstons, Jamaica. CONCEPT FEASIBILITY STUDY In order to make a wholesome decision a feasibility study is carried out which will focus on analysing the target market, topical anaestheticisation , the competitors in the area and the three categories of costs Start up costs required to be invested in the business, Fixed monthly costs that are to be bore as resolve of operations an d shifting costs, that result with e actually customer visit to the cafe.TARGET MARKET It was anticipate that main surgical incision that can be targeted as the potential customers would be university students, who have computer knowledge and professionals with high disposable income as they would treasure a venue where they could relax and socialize along with availing internet facilities. Total segment size of it was assumed to be around 20,000. LOCATION Location that was chosen for setting up the cafe was newborn Kingston as most of the banks, other financial institutions and corporate had their head offices in that area.Also this area consisted of hotels and shopping centre, which would smashed more masses, would come to know about CIC. Along with these factors, one more important reason was that New Kingston was close to several affluent suburbs from which CIC could attract patrons. COMPETITION In Jamaica, internet accessibility and usage was low. There were many reasons, that accounted for low internet usage such as 1) High cost of computer as percentage of average salary, 2) the lack of telephone lines in some areas of Kingston and,3)the high rates that was being charged by the existing service providers.Along with these factors, the idea of an Internet cafe was not very popular in Jamaica. So, this overall plan was quite new for that region and as a result the competition was not quite great. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY CAPITAL AVAILABLE Table 1 PARTICULARS tally (JA$) DAVID GRANTS SAVINGS 5,00,000 JTL INVESTMENT IN EQUITY (50% SHARE) 5,00,000 LOAN PROVIDED BY JTL 10% pa 12,50,000 TOTAL 22,50,000 START UP COST Table 2 PARTICULARS TOTAL COST (JA$) EQUIPMENT 1426000 UTILITIY DEPOSIT 7000 advertize (Prior to Opening) 20000LEGAL AND DECORATIONS 120000 TOTAL 1573000 FIXED MONTHLY COST There is an assumption that loan from JTL in the inaugural is a 5 year loan with principal payable on maturity and 10% childly interest payable monthly. Table 3 PA RTICULARS TOTAL COST (PER MONTH) (JA$) WAGES TO EMPLOYESS (90*40*4*2) 28800 wages TO MANAGER 40000 SITE RENTAL 30000 TELEPHONE BILL AND UTILITIES 15000 INTERNET LINK RENTAL 10000 amends PREMIUM 10000 ADVERTISING, MARKETING AND PROMOTION COST 10000 ADMINISTRATIVE AND MAINTENANCE 50000 INTEREST ON LOAN 4167TOTAL 197967 YEARLY TOTAL (197967*12) 2375604 PRICE COST MARGIN ESTIMATION PRICE/CUSTOMER (JA$) Table 4 PARTICULARS TOTAL CHARGES COST INCURRED MARGIN (REVENUE) INTERNET (PER HOUR) 120 60 60 DRINKS (PER VISIT) one hundred forty 50 90 provender (PER VISIT) 60 30 30 TARGET CUSTOMER SEGMENT 20000 An free-living research firm, commissioned by JTL, conducted a study and came to the conclusion that the estimates by the owner regarding target size and withdraw were indeed correct.They also provided three scenarios of the demand that the cafe would attract. The market firm projected tha , optimistically, 50% of the segment would visit the cafe, on an average of , five times a year. A living jut was that 40% of the segment would visit the cafe on an average of three times a year. Finally, a pessimist estimate was that 30% of the segment would visit the cafe twice per year. Total Customer Visits / Year cheerful (50%, 5x/yr) 50000Realistic (40%, 3x/yr) 24000 Pessimistic (30%, 2x/yr) 12000 REVENUE PER YEAR Table 5 PARTICULARS OPTI MISTIC REALISTIC PESSIMISTIC COMPUTER USAGE (40%) 12,00,000 5,76,000 4,32,000 FOOD/DRINKS 60,00,000 28,80,000 14,40,000 TOTAL 72,00,000 34,56,000 18,72,000 PROFITABILITY * In optimistic scenario the cafe would generate a profit of 45263 JA$ * In realistic scenario the cafe would incur a loss of 214737 JA$ * In pessimist scenario the cafe would incur a loss of 334737JA$ CONCLUSIONAfter analyzing the unhomogeneous aspects of the proposal it may be seen that the only scenario turning out to be a profitable and sustainable proposal is the optimistic one where the assumption is based on the fact that 50% of the total segment i. e. 10000 of the total 20000 customer segment will visit the cafe on an average of 5 times a year. But it would not a practically advisable to go ahead with such an assumption as the realistic as well as pessimist scenario shows a loss reflecting a shun probability of the business being profitable and sustainable in the long run.But it has been mentioned that the area does not have a cafe which provides internet facility and at the same time a hang out joint offering snacks and music at the same place, which makes Caribbean Internet Cafe first of it kind in Kingstons Jamaica. Therefore scrapping the whole idea leads to loosing out on an opportunity which gives David GrantFirst Mover gain of offering a new experience to the customers. Secondly, a potential unexplored market which can be catered to by opening such cafe.Therefore David must proceed with his proposition but only after making certain changes in the area cost and tariff. RECOMMENDATIONS * David should revise his tariff of 1 20$ per hour considering the average charges of the internet facility is 90JA$ per hour. * Also David can reconstruct the menu of the snack bar as the offerings does not fits the demand of the local people and is adding to the cost due to being exotic in nature. Eg. It is clear from the case facts that local people does not drink coffee and hence it may be omitted from the menu.

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay

* Ross-Sheriff (2011) commented that transnational migration patterns have * alterd as a consequence of broad amicable, political, economic, and environmental * trends and explained the ca social occasions of the driving forces were including war, * globalization, urbanization, and ever-changing hea soish norms regarding social components and * responsibilities (Ross-Sheriff, 2011).With these complex trends of migration * patterns, Van Hear (2010) viewed migration as a assist which was an integral interrupt * of broader social trans institutions, merely which to a fault had its own internal dynamics with * former(a) factors related to the migrating deal, shaping social switching in their * own way. Migration was also linked in complex ways to class, gender, generation, * heathenity and other social factors, which were embodied in positions in home and host * communities, and in work and domestic relationships, al unrivaled of which might be * transform in the course of the migratory process (Van Hear, 2010).To belowstand this complex process of migration, particularly under changing circumstances of one culture to some other, it might be useful to build conceptionual tools for understanding these fleeting processes in migration studies and in social science more widely (Van hear, 2010). They also include mediating agents and potpourris that need also to be accounted for, as well as intersections among class, gender, generation, paganity and other social ruptures as well as the main driving forces of migration (Van Hear, 2010).Of course thither were other main(prenominal) concepts such as relations between epoch and space, between dynamics or processes and outcomes, and between expression and agency that needed to get attention (Van Hear, 2010). However, it is impracticable to discuss all diametrical supposed concepts involved in diametrical types of migration process in the stream limited translate.Rather, this study tried to foc us on psychological impacts such as heathen personal personal personal identity and ego-esteem on migration through polish processes particularly on family- related migration because unalike patterns of migration produced different communities and resulted in producing different migrant identities including varying levels of psychological distress (Jones, 2008). Further, few empirical studies have focused on migrant fully growns populations.Most migrants identification related literatures tended to relate more for adolescents or young children because identity formation might be particularly challenging in this cohort, especially when the prises and beliefs of their natal culture differed outstandingly from those of the host society (Sodowsky, Kwan, & Pannu, 1995 as cited in Farver, Narang, & Bhadha, 2002).Therefore, this study focused on ethnic identity and self-identification issues of adult migrants themselves within a family structure according to different theoretica l illustrations relevant to variation of new cultures, because family was the raw material cats-paw in the society (Nesdale, Rooney, & Smith, 1997). In fact, most cultural acquisition theories substantial and evolved in 1990s.when internationalistic migration became a key issue in international politics at the beginning of 1990s. As move (2002) argued that migration, development and international relations were closely connected as migration was a major factor of transformation for twain sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants (Castle, 2002). With this perspective, this study generally focused on those migration culture acquisition theories developed in 1990 rather then looking at current perspectives in the most recent literatures, which in truth have evolved from these archetype theories in 1990s (Castle, 2002).As the findings from these research studies has had been mixed or sometimes contradictory, it was important to understand the exact natur e of the relationship between migrant ethnic identification and the socializing process both need to be specified and assessed properly with coherent measurements and theoretical assumptions (Nesdale et al. , 1997). Important theoretical concepts ethnic identity, acculturation, biculturism, and borderlineisation. agree to Phinney (1990 as cited in Farver, Narang & Bhadha., 2002), ethnic identity and acculturation were related alone separate constructs. cultural identity involves an individuals self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, attitudes toward ethnic group of membership, and degree of ethnic group involvement (Farver et al. , 2002). The terminal acculturation was defined in anthropology as those phenomena, which resulted when groups of individuals having different cultures came into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936 as cited i n Birman, 1994).Although acculturation was a neutral term in this context (that is, change might take place in either or both groups), in practice, acculturation tended to acquire more changes in one of the groups than in the other ( cull, 1990a as cited in pluck, 1997) Berry (1997) argued that in all plural societies, cultural groups and their individual members, in both dominant and non-dominant situations, must deal with the issue of how to acculturate.According to Berry (1997), four acculturation strategies were introduced assimilation, separation, fringyisation, and integration. When individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and test daily interaction with other new cultures, the assimilation strategy is defined. In contrast, when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others, then the separation is defined (Berry, 1997).When on that point is an interest in both maintaining ones original culture, while in daily interactions with other groups, integration is the option here, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained, while at the same time seeking to participate as an integral part of the larger social ne twork (Berry, 1997). Last, when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination) then marginalization is defined (Berry, 1997).However, this acculturation categories model has been criticized methodologically (Rudmin, 2003, 2009 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because all four of Berrys categories were represented in the same way by creating the two by two ground substance of acculturation categories between high and low. However, the cut off point between high and low was peremptory and would differ across samples, making comparisons across studies difficult, resulting in the fact that all four categories existed and were evenly validated (Rudmin, 2003 as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) and suggesting that not all of Berrys categories might exist in a given sample or population, and that some categories might have multiple subtypes (Schwartz et al. , 2010).In particular, Berry (1997) viewed the term biculturism as referring to acculturation that involved the individual simultaneously in the two cultures that were in contact in integrative ways, which appeared to be a consistent predictor of more positive outcomes than the three alternatives of assimilation, separation, or marginalization.Berry and his colleagues (surface-to-air missile & Berry, 1995) assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the results showed that bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress, anxiety and less psychological problems significantly, while marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which adversely affected their self-esteem (Farver et al. , 2002).However, Shiraev and impose (2007) explained acculturative stress as a negative feeling that a marginalized person might experience as a distressing psychological reaction to any unfamiliar cultural environment based on the assumption that person and groups undergoing any social and cultural change should experience a certain nub of psychological distress. popularly, many early definitions of acculturation focused on exposure to two cultures simultaneously as a culture shock, which was a reactive state of specific pathology or deficit, rather than taking emolument of being bicultural (Berry & Annis, 1974 Shiraev et al., 2007).The validity of marginalization as an approach to acculturation by Berry (1997) was also questioned (Del pilar & Udasco, 2004 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). Schawartz et al. argued that the likelihood that a person wou ld develop a cultural sense of self without drawing on either the heritage or receiving cultural contexts would be less likely to. The marginalization approach might be true only for the small segment of migrants who rejected both their heritage and receiving cultures (Berry, 2006b).Indeed, studies using empirically based clustering methods have found small or nonexistent marginalization groups and scales that attempted to measure marginalization typically had poor reliability and validity compared with scales for the other categories (Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995 Unger et al. , 2002 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). As described earlier, the impact of migrant ethnic identity on psychological distress had comparatively diverse points of views if they were either negative or positive reactions, depending on different theoretical frames.For example, hearty indistinguishability Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 2001) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) emphasized more on th e importance to individuals of their identification with particular social groups. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 2001 as cited in Yip, Gee, & Takeuchi, 2008) viewed a possible explanation for why ethnic identity might buffer the set up of discrimination.According to this hypothesis,individuals chose from an array of possible social identity groups and, once those groups were chosen, individuals focused on the positive aspects of their in-group, which helped to boost their own esteem, suggesting that ethnic identity was more important to their overall identity (Yip et al. , 2009).In contrast, if ethnicity was a central component of ones identity, it might actually exacerbate the effects of discrimination, resulting in a greater negative impact on mental health, according to self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987 as cited in Yip et al., 2008), suggesting that people should be more in tune with environmental cues that were relevant to an important aspect of their identity.That is, experiences of racial discrimination might be such a cue relevant to their ethnic identity. Indeed, research suggested that African American adults and adolescents who hideed strong racial centrality were also more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination (Neblett, Shelton, & Sellers, 2004 Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelk-Cone, & Zimmerman, 2003 Sellers & Shelton, 2003 as cited in Yip et al., 2008).However, despite this emphasis by social theorists, they tended to go forth the larger literature that involved with both ethnicity and the acculturation process (Liebkind, 1993 1996 as cited in Nesdale, Rooney & Smith, 1997). First of all, these different findings resulted from lack of inclusion of acculturation itself as a variable methodologically when acculturation was considered as a phenomenon in research designs (Sam and Berry, 2006).Without including acculturation as a variable, the explanations for human behavior similariti es and differences across populations would remain uncomplete (Sam et al. , 2006). Second, a further criticism of the acculturation literatures was that the same two acculturation processes, and the same four-acculturation categories, characterized all migrants equallyregardless of the type of migrant, the countries of origin and settlement, and the ethnic group in question, according to Berrys (1980) model and other similar approaches (Sam et al., 2006).Finally, the vast majority of studies in the acculturation literature have focused on behavioral acculturation (Schwartz et al. , 2010). That is, most widely used acculturation measures included primarily (or only) items assessing language use and other cultural practices (e. g. , Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995 Stephenson, 2000 Szapocznik, Kurtines, & Fernandez, 1980 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) due to accepting the fact that cultural practices might issue only a fair proxy for cultural adaptation (Schwartz et al., 2010 ).Theoretical frameworks for acculturation research Shiraev & Levy (2007) claimed that cross-cultural psychologists usually used three approaches to examine human activities in various cultural settings. They were the sociobiologic approach, the sociological approach and eco-cultural approach (Shiraev et al. , 2007). In particular, the eco-cultural approach emphasized both the environment and the individual were seen as open and interchanging systems (Shiraev et al., 2007), introducing John Berry whom originally developed this theory further in contemporary cross-cultural psychological science.Shiraev et al. (2007) also pointed out that specialists should to be able to explain how, why, and to what extent people differed from one another, when ecological, biological, cultural, and acculturation factors were set and taken into consideration (Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , & Dasen. P. R. ,1992 as cited in Shiraev et al. , 2007). In related to the concerns pointed by Shiraev et al.(2007), Berry (1997) argued earlier there were important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development, demonstrating what happened to individuals who developed in one cultural context when attempting to re-establish their lives in another one through his acculturation research framework, by affirm the fact that acculturation was one of the most complex areas of research in cross-cultural psychological science because the process involved more than one culture and in two distinct senses (Berry, 1997).According to Berry (1997), the concept of acculturation was employed to refer to the cultural changes resulting from different ethnic groups encountered, while the concepts of psychological acculturation and adaptation were employed to refer to the psychological changes and eventual outcomes that occur as a result of individuals experiencing acculturation.In another words, acculturation phenomena resulted from contact between two or more culture s and research on acculturation had to be comparative in order to understand variations in psychological outcomes that were the result of cultural variations in the two groups in contact (Berry, 1997).In particular, this framework viewed the integration model of acculturation strategies the most desirable among other strategies, considering it the same as the biculturalism model (Berry, 1997). For example, Berry and his colleagues (Berry, 1980 Berry, J. W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, & Bujaki, M. , 1989 Berry, Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987 Sam & Berry, 1995 as cited in Farver et al., 2002)Assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the result showed that integration was the most psychologically adaptive attitude, arguing that integrated or bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress and anxiety and manifested fewer psychological problems than those who were marginalized, separated, or assimilated, whereas marginalized indiv iduals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which also affected their self-esteem (Farver et al., 2002).However, Phinney, Cantu, and Kurtz (1997) found that American identity was associated with self-esteem only for non-Hispanic Whites, but not for other ethnic groups. These mixed results as explained above raised two issues in the acculturation literatures.First of all, cultural practices might offer only a substitute for cultural adpatations, as Portes and Rumbaut (2001 as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) mentioned that many Asian American young adults in their sample were not proficient in their native languages, even though they still perceive their identification with their parents countries of origin and maintained many of their determine (Schwarz et al. , 2010). Secondly, most researchers on biculturism did not sufficiently define an accurate operational definition of biculturism so that description o f those research results were problematic (Birman, 1994).Indeed, one finding in the United States, was that self-identification as American was markedly high in non-Hispanic Whites than in ethnic minority groups (e. g. , Devos & Banaji, 2005 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) and many White Americans did not perceived themselves as members of an ethnic group (Schildkraut, 2007 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). In brief, different operational definition problems of acculturation arose from different theoretical models of acculturation regarding to their assumptions (LaFromboise, Coleman, & Gerton, 1993).LaFromboise et al. (1993) assumed acculturation as one of substitutes among the biculturism models. Biculturism as defined in this theory was viewed as the alternation model, which implied an individual in two culture contacts could be competent in both cultures without losing one of the cultures competencies in distinct cultural contexts as alternation model, whereas, fusion mod el meant a blended cultural identity, consisting of a synthesis of aspects of both cultures (LaFromboise et al., 1993).However, Berrys (1997) integrating approach of biculturism differed from the bicultural model (LaFromboise et al. , 1993 as cited in Birman, 1994) and it emphasized more on the relationship between the two cultural groups based on its unexpressed assumption that one of two cultures were higher than the other within a single social structure (LaFromboise et al. , 1993).Benet-Martinez and colleagues found that blended bicultural individuals tended to report higher self-esteem and lower psychological distress than a marginal population (Chen et al. , 2008 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because the consistent availability of both cultural flows within the persons everyday life increased the ease of activating the correct cultural schema in uniformity with their environmental situations (Schwartz et al. , 2010).In contrast, Tadmor, Tetlock, and Peng (2009) argued that the bicultural model considered those marginal individuals in positive ways, when there was little interest in cultural maintenance and little interest in having relations with others, suggesting positive aspects of being a marginal person might be (1) sharing his or her condition with others of the same original culture (2) benignant in institutional practices that were shared by other marginal people (3) experiencing no major thwarting from social expectations and (4) still perceiving himself or herself to be a member of a group (LaFromboise et al., 1993).According to Sam and Berry (2006), many studies of how migrants coped with intercultural contacts had discrepancies in the ways in which they were operationalized and measured. As no standardized or widely accepted acculturation measures existed, it was necessary to design a clear and explicit formulation of acculturation instrument in order to assess acculturation adequately (Sam et al. , 2006).Further Sam and Berry (2006 ) pointed out that most empirical studies widely used a self-report type of questionnaires that had been recognized limitations such as social desirability, emphasize obtaining divergent validation by source of information other than the respondents reports. Therefore, it is vital to understand each theory within its specific assumptions and not to generalize across all situations regardless of their similar findings (LaFromboise et al. , 1993).As this study discovered migrants acculturation processes so far within specific theoretical frameworks, literature findings in different research were mixed as to whether individuals could be highly acculturated and at the same time be potently identified with their ethnic group (Farver, Narang, & Bhadha. , 2002). These confusing problems initially evolved because of the context in which migration arrangements and their acculturation processes were fundamentally change and increasingly uncertain due to globalization (Landolt & Da, 2005).S hiraev & Levy (2007) suggested a new approach to cross-cultural psychology in the twenty-first century, which was linked to the concept of globalization. Globalization was defined as a proliferation of cross-border flow and transnational networks due to new technologies of communication and transport that allowed frequent and multi-directional streams of people, ideas and cultural symbols (Castle, 2010). Castle also argued that globalization leads to major changes in the character of international migration. In other words, the context for migrant incorporation has already changed radically and will continue to do so.The rise of multiculturalism itself rather than assimilation or biculturism is one sign of this, but is not the end of the story new forms of identity and belonging go beyond multiculturalism (Castle, 2010). Even though there is limited empirical evidence for clear statements for globalization, there probably are highly global groups who feel at home everywhere such as global business and professional elites might correspond with this image. But most members of transnational communities fall between these extremes, and probably have contradictory and displace identities (Castle, 2002).Conclusions This study explored that a special case of cultural psychology was the study of how individuals respond to situations where they were in transition between their original culture and another that differed from it in some respects in wrong of acculturation, especially within a specific theoretical frame that could apply to the specific situation (Adler & Gielen, 1994).There was no single theory widely accepted by all social scientists to agree with the emergence and lengthiness of international migration patterns in the world under globalization (Van Hear, 2010),suggesting that the contemporary migrating context in which such migrating arrangements were established fundamentally kept transforming so that it became increasingly uncertain (Landolt and D a, 2005).Although the topic of cultural contact and individual change has attracted considerable attention in contemporary cross-cultural psychology, the field has been characterized by a lack of theoretical coherence, definitional problems with key constructs, and single sample studies that limit the external validity of empirical cross-cultural research (Ward and Kenney, 1994).As acculturation is a process which takes place over time, and which results in changes both in the culture and in the individual culture changes, it would be ideal o compare two sets of data are compared over time using the same people. However, in practice, it is impossible in most acculturation research settings (Sam et al. , 2006). Instead, a common alternative to longitudinal research is cross-sectional research in which a time-related variable, such as length of residence or generational status can be used for the generalizability of acculturation theories (Sam et al., 2006).In general, researchers of migrating studies need to be aware that it is the selective nature of the sample that happens across all migrating research. That is, individuals who chose to migrate would be different from those who do not (Sodowsky, G. , Kwan, K. , & Pannu, R. , 1995 as cited in Farver et al. , 1997). Finally, acculturation research generally focused on immigrants assumed to be permanently settled in their new host countries. 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